PASSIVE SENTENCE

Passive sentences or Passive voice verbs are used in writing much more often than in speech, and they are used in some types of writing much more often than in others. Passives are used more in journalism (newspapers, magazines) than in fiction (novels, stories), but most journalists and fiction writers use far more active than passive sentences.

However, passives are very common in all types of scientific and technical writing. Scientific articles often contain more passive than active sentences. You should not use passive voice verbs unless you have a good reason.

A. Relationship between active and passive:

1. The object of the active verb is the subject of the passive verb (“English” in the example sentences below). Therefore, verbs which cannot be followed by objects (intransitive verbs) cannot be used in passive voice.

These are some common intransitive verbs: appear, arrive, come, cry, die, go, happen, occur, rain, sleep, stay, walk. These verbs cannot be used in passive voice.

2. The passive verb always contains a form of the auxiliary verb be. The form of be in the passive verb phrase corresponds to the form of the main verb in the active verb phrase (see the underlined words in the example sentences below). That is, if the active main verb is simple present tense, then a simple present tense form of be is used in the passive verb phrase; if the active main verb is -ING, then the -ING form of be is used in the passive verb phrase; and so on.

3. The main verb in a passive predicate verb phrase is always the participle form of the verb.

4. Some examples of active and passive sentences:

Active   : They speak English.
Passive  : English is spoken.

Active   :  They spoke English. 
Passive  : English was spoken.

Contrastive Conjunction and Modal Perfect

Contrastive Conjunction

Mr. Jack : What is the result of the OSIS MEETING?

Edward  : A few members want an indirect election in choosing the new OSIS chairperson, Sir. However, most members want a direct election.

Mr. Jack : OK. I’ll discuss that later, with the other teachers.

The sentences in bold contrasts two ideas. It uses a contrastive conjuction (however). Contrastive conjunctions are used to link two ideas or statements that are considered to be different. The following are some contrastive conjuctions :

1.     But, still, yet, although, though, even though, whereas, while

These conjuctions combine two clauses which are/opposite/contrast one to another. Examples :

·         Donny is short, but he is strong.

·         Although Bella is an artist, she doesn’t ignore her studies.

·         Mr. David is rich, yet he is unhappy.

2nd and 3rd Conditional Sentences

1. 2nd Conditional Sentences    
    a. Definition

The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future.

    b. The Structure of 2nd Conditional Sentences

• Like a first conditional, a second conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause:

IF CLAUSE	Main Clause
If I had a million dollars,	I would buy a big house.

• If the “if” clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the “if” clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:

Main Clause	IF Clause
I would buy a big house	if I had a million dollars

If clause	Result Clause
If + simple past (V2)	would + V1

*Note: If, there’s a to be on the sentence. That’s only “were”

    c. Examples & Using of 2nd Conditional Sentences
          The second conditional is used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the future -- things which don't or won't happen:

Example :	Explanation:
If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain.	I am not you — this is unreal.
If dogs had wings, they would be able to fly.	Dogs don't have wings — that's impossible.
If she were a doctor, she would check your health.	In the Fact – She’s not a doctor.
If he had enough money, he would go to Seoul.	In the Fact – He doesn’t have any money.
If I studied hard, I would pass the test successfully.	In the fact- You don’t study hard, so you don’t pass it successfully.

2. 3rd Conditional Sentence
    a. Definition

3rd  conditional  sentences  is an   “impossible   condition” , meaning it is contraty to the  fact in the  past  and there is no  hope  for the situasion to occur   because   you     were Imagining something   in the past. 

    b. The Structure of 3rd Conditional Sentences

•       Like the other conditionals, a third conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause:

If clause	Main clause
if + subject + past perfect verb(3rd form) If I had gone to surabaya last week,	subject + would (or could, or might) have + past participle I would have met my grandparents for the last time.

•       Note also that third conditional forms can be contracted:

Full form : If I had studied harder, I probably would have passed the exam.

Contracted form : If I'd studied harder, I probably would've passed the exam.

c. Example and Using of 3rd Conditional Sentences

The third conditional is used to talk about things which did not happen in the past. If your native language does not have a similar construction, you may find this a little strange, but it can be very useful. It is often used to express criticism or regret:

Example :	Explanation:
If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident.	Criticism: You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough.
If we had played a little better, we could have won the game.	Regret: We didn't play well, so we lost the game.
If you had saved your money, you could have bought a computer.	Criticism: You didn't save your money, so now you can't afford a computer.
If it had snowed, we could have gone skiing.	Regret: It didn't snow, so we couldn't go skiing.

Note:

ü  The conditional clause without if can be made negative by adding not after the subject. The contracted form n’t is never used. Examples:

(1)    Were he not here, he wouldn’t know about it.

(2)     Had he not come earlier, you wouldn’t have met him.

ü  In a conditional sentence without if, a comma is commonly used after the conditional clause.

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations." Or "Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes.This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

or example:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

BUSINESS LETTER

1. Definition

A business letter is:

• a letter written for formal or professional purposes.
• similar to a friendly letter, except for one extra part.
• should be short, courteous, and to the point.

2. Parts of a Business Letter

a. Sender's Address

The sender's address usually is included in letterhead. If you are not using letterhead, include the sender's address at the top of the letter one line above the date. Do not write the sender's name or title, as it is included in the letter's closing. Include only the street address, city, and zip code.

b. Date

The date line is used to indicate the date the letter was written. However, if your letter is completed over a number of days, use the date it was finished in the date line. When writing to companies within the United States, use the American date format.
(The United States-based convention for formatting a date places the month before the day. For example: June 11, 2001. ) Write out the month, day and year two inches from the top of the page. Depending which format you are using for your letter, either left justify the date or tab to the center point and type the date.

c. Inside Address

The inside address is the recipient's address. It is always best to write to a specific individual at the firm to which you are writing. If you do not have the person's name, do some research by calling the company or speaking with employees from the company. Include a personal title such as Ms., Mrs., Mr., or Dr. Follow a woman's preference in being addressed as Miss, Mrs., or Ms. If you are unsure of a woman's preference in being addressed, use Ms. If there is a possibility that the person to whom you are writing is a Dr. or has some other title, use that title. Usually, people will not mind being addressed by a higher title than they actually possess. To write the address, use the U.S. Post Office Format. For international addresses, type the name of the country in all-capital letters on the last line. The inside address begins one line below the sender's address or one inch below the date. It should be left justified, no matter which format you are using.

Asking about Possibilities, Expressing Curiosity and Desire, Expressing Views

1. Asking about Possibilities

Possibility is used when we are talking about the future, we often don't really know what will happen.

Expressing asking about possibilities:

• Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?
• Do you think it’s possible that ... ?
• What possibility is there that ... ?
• Is there any possibility that ... ?
• What's the possibility of ... ?
• What are the chances of ...?
• Do you think you can…?
• Is it possible that ... ?
• Is it possible to ... ?
• Are you capable of…?

EXPRESSING BLAMING AND ACCUSING

1. Blaming Someone (Menyalahkan Seseorang)

Blaming is when someone said that person did a mistake that should be her/his responsibility, like choosing wrong way.

Blaming is an expression that is used to say on somebody the responsibility for something done (badly or wrongly) or not done.

Persuading and Encouraging, Preventing Someone from Doing Something

1. Persuading

    a. Definition

Persuading is an expression to persuade someone. So, someone want to do something as like as persuader’s request.

    b. Expressions of Persuading

• Are you really sure you can’t/couldn’t...?
• Don’t be so silly!
• I really think it would be a pity if we didn’t...
• Are you quite sure you won’t consider...?
• Buy me this one, Mom, please ?

ADMITTING MISTAKES AND MAKING PROMISES

Admitting Mistakes

 When we did something wrong, it's better for us to admit or confess our mistake.

Mistake is a misunderstanding or misconception or an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgement caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.

When you have a mistake to someone, you need to plead your mistake, so the problem will be clear. 

Admitting Mistake is the way you to admit and ask for a sorry of your mistake.

Benefits of Admitting Mistakes:

• It demonstrates your courage.
• It demonstrates your humanity.
• It engenders more trusting relationships.
• It creates greater organisational value.

Admitting Mistakes Expressions:

• I’m sorry. It’s my fault.
• You’re right. I’m fully responsible for this matter.
• I admit what I’ve done is wrong.
• I realize I’ve made mistakes.
• Yes, I take the blame.
• It’s my mistakes. Forgive me.
• It shouldn’t be like this. Forgive me.
• I never intended it that way.

NARRATIVE TEXT

Narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain readers. Other function of narrative text is for education. 

 

Generic Structure

• Orientation    : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters, setting and time of    the story are established.
• Complication : When the problems in the story arise an involves main character.
• Resolution      : The problems are solved (better or worse).

COMPLANING AND GIVING INSTRUCTION

Complaining 

• To express feelings of pain, dissatisfaction, or resentment.
• To make a formal accusation or bring a formal charge.
  A complaint is…
  Complaints are expressions of "displeasure or annoyance" in response to an action that is seen by the speaker as unfavorable.
  
  
  Making a complaint:
• I do wish you could….
• Excuse me, I’m afraid… 
• I wish you wouldn’t mind…
• Would you mind (doing)….?
• Well, it is good for you to….
• (Honestly!) I’m fed up with …
• I wonder if you could help me…..
• I’m sorry to have to say this, but….
• Look, I’m sorry to trouble you, but…. 
• (Well,) this is the most unsatisfactory.
• Wouldn’t it be a good idea to/ not to….
• I’ve got a bit of a problem here, you see…… 
• Excuse me, there appears to be something wrong…
• Excuse me, there seems to be something wrong with… 

EXPLANATION TEXT

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Generally the purpose of an explanation text is explaining how something forms or why the thing happens. So when we read an explanation text, the text will cover the answer of "how" or "why" relating to a thing or a phenomenon. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

Generic structure of Explanation

• General statement :  stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
• Sequenced explanation : stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

Language Feature of Explanation

• Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc.
• Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
• Using passive voice pattern.
• Using simple present tense.

DISCUSSION TEXT

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue.

The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints. Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense.

Points to check

• Have you been fair to both sides?
• Have you supported your views with reasons ande vidence?
• In your conclusion, have you given a reason for what you have decided?

Generic Structure

• Issue : contains of statement and preview about something.
• Arguments for/Supporting arguments : after stating the issue, it is necessary to present the argument to support that one point is agreeing.
• Arguments against : beside the supporting argument, discussion text need the arguments which disagree to the stated issue.
• Recommendation/conclusion : It is used to tell how to solve issue by concerning the arguements for and against.

MAKING SUGGESTION AND REQUESTING SOMETHING

Here's the topic i presentated with Mihin and Citra.

Making Suggestion is how you express your suggestion to someone.

There are a number of ways used when making suggestions:    
    

1) WHAT ABOUT/HOW ABOUT ... + Base form + -ING

•  What about going to the swimming pool tomorrow?
•  How about going to the swimming pool tomorrow?

2) WHY + Negative

• Why don't we go to the swimming pool tomorrow?

3) IMPERATIVE: Let's + Base form

• Let's go to the swimming pool tomorrow! 

4) COULD

• We could go to the swimming pool tomorrow.

5) DO YOU WANT + the infinitive

• Do you want to go to the swimming pool tomorrow?